Momwe Mungadziwire Kukula kwa Ma Pore a Fyuluta Yanu - Buku Lonse

1. Kukula kwa Ma Pore: Chifukwa Chake Ndikofunikira Mu Kusefera Kwa Mafakitale ndi Chiwopsezo Chobisika

Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake kukula koyenera kwa ma pore ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito, chitetezo, komanso mtengo. Kukula kwa ma pore ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a zosefera zamafakitale.

1.1 Chiwopsezo Chobisika: Pamene Kukula Kolakwika kwa Ma Pore a Sefa Kuletsa Kupanga

Tangoganizirani kuti mwangotumiza kumene zinthu zofunika kwambiri zotsukira mpweya ku fakitale yopanga zinthu zamagetsi. Pakangopita maola ochepa, mzere wopangira zinthuzo unayima. Foni yofulumira inabwera:
"Fyuluta yanu yatseka makina athu — kutayika kwa madola mamiliyoni ambiri!"

Wolakwa? Chinthu chimodzi chomwe chinanyalanyazidwa:kukula kwa mbole ya fyuluta sikunali koyenera.

1.2 Chifukwa Chake Kulondola kwa Kukula kwa Ma Pore Kuli Kofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Momwe Mumaganizira

• 80% ya kulephera kusefa kwa mafakitalezimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kusankha kolakwika kwa kukula kwa mbole.

• Munsalu ya semiconductor, ola lililonse lopuma likhoza kuwononga ndalama$100,000+mu kutayika kwa kupanga.

• In kupanga mankhwala, vuto limodzi loipitsidwa lingayambitsekubweza kwa gulu lonse, zomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri komanso kuwononga mbiri ya kampani.

Kulakwitsa pang'ono pa kukula kwa ma pore kungayambitse kuyimitsa ntchito yonse.

1.3 Funso Lofunika Kwambiri kwa Woyang'anira Aliyense Wopezera Zosowa

Kaya mukupeza ndalamazosefera zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zopindika, OEM filter assemblies, kapena custom spargers, funso limodzi lofunika kwambiri limatsimikiza kupambana kapena kulephera:

"Ndingadziwe bwanji molondola kukula kwa pores ya fyuluta yanga isanathe?"

Izichitsogozo chonseadzakutsogolerani pang'onopang'ono pa zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa - kuyambira pa kukula kwa ma pore mpakanjira zoyesera zapamwamba— kotero mungathe:

• Pewani zolakwa zodula

• Tetezani mizere yanu yopangira zinthu

• Pangani zisankho zodzidalira pankhani yopezera zinthu zatsopano

2. Kumvetsetsa Kukula kwa Ma Filter Pore: Mfundo Zofunika Zomwe Wogula Aliyense Ayenera Kudziwa

Mukapeza ndalamazosefera zachitsulo zopoperakumvetsetsakukula kwa mbolendikofunikira popanga chisankho choyenera chogula. Zosefera izi ndi zitsanzo zazinthu zokhala ndi machubundi zovutakapangidwe ka machubuzomwe zimatsimikiza momwe amasefera.

Gawoli likuthandizanimvetsetsani mfundo zoyambira, kuti muthe kusankha zosefera zomwe zikugwirizana ndi pulogalamu yanu ndikupewa zolakwika zokwera mtengo.

2.1 Kodi Kukula kwa Ma Pore mu Zosefera za Sintered Metal ndi Chiyani?

Kukula kwa ma pore kumatanthauzam'mimba mwake mwa mipata yaying'ono yolumikizanamkati mwa fyuluta yokhala ndi mabowo.

In zosefera zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zopukutidwa, ma pores amenewa amapangidwa panthawi yothira, pomwe ufa wachitsulo wosalala umasakanizidwa ndi kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Kapangidwe ka ma pores omwe amatuluka, kuphatikizapo mawonekedwe a ma pores ndi kulumikizana kwawo, kumakhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakutsimikiza momwe fyuluta imagwirira ntchito.

Zinthu Zofunika Kudziwa

• Kukula kwa Pakati pa Mabowo (µm):Avereji ya ziwerengero za ma diameter onse a pore mu fyuluta, imatchedwanso kuti avareji ya ma diameter a pore.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka madzi ndi kusefa.

• Kukula kwa Mabowo Osatha (µm):Kukula kwambowo yayikulu kwambiriZimapezeka mu fyuluta. Njira zina zoyezera, monga capillary flow porometry, zimayang'ana kwambiri ma diameter a through pores okha, osati voliyumu yawo.Chofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kusunga tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso kutsatira malamulo.

• Kukula kwa Mabowo:Mbiri yonse yosonyeza kukula kwa ma pore osiyanasiyana.Zimathandiza kuwunika kusinthasintha kwa kusefa ndi kuneneratu momwe ntchito ikuyendera pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yogwirira ntchito.

Langizo: A gawo lowoneka bwino la fyuluta yosungunukaakhoza kuwulula kufanana kwa kapangidwe kake, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa zosefera zapamwamba.

2.2 Chifukwa Chake Kukula kwa Ma Pore Kuli Kofunika Mu Kusefa

Kusankhakukula kolondola kwa mbolesikuti kungosefa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kokha — kumakhudzantchito yonse, kuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito bwino, chitetezo, ndi mtengo. Kukula kwa mabowo kumakhudza mwachindunji kuyenda kwa madzi ndi kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera mu fyuluta, zomwe zimakhudza momwe kusefera kumagwirira ntchito komanso momwe ntchito yonse imagwirira ntchito.

Ubwino Wofanana ndi Kukula Koyenera kwa Pore

• Kusunga Tinthu Moyenera:Pewani kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu kapena machitidwe okhudzidwa.

• Kuthamanga kwabwino kwa madzi ndi kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi:Kusanja bwino pakati pa kusefa bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. Kusankha bwino kukula kwa ma pore kumathandizanso kuti zinthu zambiri ziyende bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi madzi aziyenda bwino kudzera mu fyuluta.

• Nthawi Yaitali Yokhala ndi Sefa:Amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zasinthidwa, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wonse wa umwini.

Zotsatira Zenizeni za Kusankha Kukula Kolakwika kwa Pore

• Makampani Opanga Mankhwala:
  Kukula kwa ma pore molakwika kungayambitsekuipitsidwa kwa gulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zibwezedwe zomwe zasungidwa ndi ndalama zambiri.

• Kusefera kwa Gasi:
  Ma pores akuluakulu amalola zinthu zodetsa kudutsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kutimtengo wokwera wamagetsichifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa zigawo zomwe zili pansi pa madzi.

• Zomera Zamankhwala:
  Machitidwe osasefedwa bwino kapena opanikizika kwambiri amapangazoopsa zachitetezo, kuphatikizapo kuphulika kwa mabomba ndi kuphwanya malamulo okhudza chilengedwe.

Mfundo yofunika:Thekukula kwa pore yakumanjandiye njira yanu yoyamba yodzitetezera ku khalidwe, kutsatira malamulo, komanso kuwongolera ndalama. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za kufunika kwa porosity mu zitsulo, werengani nkhani yathu:Kodi Chitsulo Chili ndi Ma Porous? Yankho Langowerengani Izi.

 

 

2.3 Zofunikira pa Kukula kwa Ma Pore Omwe Amapangidwa ndi Makampani

Makampani osiyanasiyana ali ndizosowa zapadera zosefera, ndipo zofunikira pa kukula kwa ma pore zimatha kusiyana kwambiri. Makampani osiyanasiyana amafuna zosefera zokhala ndi kukula kosiyana kwa ma pore ndi ma diameter osiyanasiyana a ma pore kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zawo.

Nayi kalozera wachidule wa ma ranges wamba:

Chitsanzo:Pa mizere ya gasi ya semiconductor, fyuluta yokhala ndiKukula kwa mbole ya 0.003 µmchofunika kuti tikwaniritsemiyezo yoyera kwambiri, pomwe mu kupanga mowa,Kukula kwa mbole ya 5 µmzingakhale zokwanira kuchotsa yisiti kapena matope.

2.4 Malamulo Ofunika & Miyezo Yapadziko Lonse

Kuti mupange zisankho zodziwa bwino, muyenera kumvetsetsamawu ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansiKulamulira kukula kwa ma pore. Miyezo iyi imachokera ku mfundo zochokera ku chemistry yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chemistry yoyera komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti sayansi imayang'anira kukula kwa ma pore.

Ma Rating Odziwika ndi Okwanira

• Mlingo Wodziyimira:Zimasonyeza kuti fyuluta ikhoza kujambulakuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'onopa kukula kopatsidwa, nthawi zambiri 60–98%.Chitsanzo:Fyuluta ya 5 µm yokha ingalole tinthu tina tochepera 5 µm kudutsa.

• Kuwerengera Konse:Chimayimirakukula kwakukulu kwa porechitsimikizoKusunga 100%ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi kukula koyenera kapena kupitirira. Dziwani: Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafunika kuyesedwa nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kochepa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafunikira kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tisungidwe bwino.Chitsanzo:Fyuluta yodziwika bwino ya 0.1 µm idzatseka tinthu tonse tosakwana ≥ 0.1 µm.

Langizo:Kwa mafakitale ofunikira kwambiri kutsatira malamulo monga mankhwala ndi ma semiconductors,zosefera zovomerezeka kwathunthundizofunikira.

Miyezo Yoyesera Padziko Lonse ndi Kutsatira Malamulo

• ASTM F316- Muyezo wakuyesa malo ophukira, njira yovomerezeka kwambiri yotsimikizira kukula kwa mbole.

• ISO 4003- Kumatanthauzira njira zapadziko lonse lapansi zodziwirakukula kwapakati kwa pore ya zinthu zopopera zopoperandipo zikuphatikizapo njira zakuyeza porosity.

• FDA/USP Kalasi VI- Chofunikira pakutsatira malamulo antchito zachipatala ndi zamankhwala, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zimagwirizana ndi chilengedwe komanso kuti zinthuzo ndi zotetezeka.

3. Momwe Mungadziwire ndi Kutsimikizira Kukula kwa Mabowo a Sefa

Kusankha kukula koyenera kwa pore sikutanthauza kungowerenga kabukhu kokha.magwiridwe antchito a fyuluta, kutsatira malamulo, ndi ROI, mukuyenera kutsimikizirani kulondola kwa kukula kwa mbolekudzera mu mayeso oyenera ndi kuwunika kwa ogulitsa. Kuyeza kukula kwa ma pore molondola ndi kuyeza kugawa kwa ma pore ndi njira zofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti fyuluta ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso ikutsatira malamulo. Gawoli likukupatsanizida ndi njira zothandizakupanga chisankho choyenera musanagule.

3.1 Njira Zodziwika Poyezera Kukula kwa Mabowo

Njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera ngati mukufunikirakutsimikizira kukula kwa pore yoyambira or kusanthula mwatsatanetsataneNazi njira zodziwika bwino:

• Kujambula kwa Microscopic (SEM): Imapereka chithunzi chachindunji cha kapangidwe ka mbole ndi kukula kwake.

• Kuchuluka kwa Ma Capillary Flow PorometryNjira iyi imagwiritsa ntchito porometer yoyendera magazi a capillary kuti iyese kufalikira kwa ma pore mu chitsanzo chonyowa kwathunthu. Kupanikizika kwa mpweya komwe kumayikidwa kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kuti kuthetse zotsatira za ma capillary ndi mphamvu za capillary zomwe zimasunga madzi onyowa mkati mwa ma pore. Kukanika kwa pamwamba kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa njirayi, chifukwa kumakhudza kuthamanga komwe kumafunika kuti madziwo achotsedwe ndikutulutsa ma pore, zomwe zimathandiza kuyeza molondola kukula kwa ma pore.

Mayeso a Bubble Point (ASTM F316) - Muyezo wa Makampani

• Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito:Fyuluta imanyowetsedwa ndi madzi, kenako mpweya umayikidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mphamvu yowonjezera mpaka mphamvu ya pamwamba ya madzi m'mabowo itagonjetsedwa ndipo thovu limaoneka likutuluka. Kupanikizika komwe thovu limawonekera koyamba kumagwirizana ndimbowo yayikulu kwambirikukula.

• Ubwino:Zosavuta, zotsika mtengo, komanso zolondola pakuzindikira kwakukulu kwa ma pore.

• Nthawi Yogwiritsira Ntchito:Yabwino kwambirizosefera za gasi ndi zamadzimadzim'mafakitale monga ma semiconductors ndi mankhwala.

• Chilolezo Chokhazikika:ASTM F316.

Langizo:Pemphani nthawi zonse zotsatira za mayeso a bubble point mukamayesa ogulitsa.

Kulowa kwa Mercury Porosimetry - Kugawa Kukula kwa Ma Pore Onse

• Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito:Mercury imakakamizidwa kulowa mu fyuluta pansi pa kupanikizika, kuyika mapu akugawa kwakukulu kwa kukula kwa poresndi kuyezakuchuluka kwa ma pore onseIzi zimathandiza kuwerengeravoliyumu yonsema pores mkati mwa fyuluta.

• Ubwino:Amaperekakusanthula mozamakufanana kwa ma pore ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu.

• Zoyipa:Mayeso okwera mtengo komanso owononga, amafuna zida zapadera za labu.

• Zabwino Kwambiri:Kafukufuku ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo, ntchito zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimafunakulolera kusefa kolimba.

Njira Yololera Mpweya - Kufufuza Mwachangu kwa Fakitale

• Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito:Amayesa kuyenda kwa mpweya kudzera mu fyuluta pa mphamvu yodziwika kutiyerekezerani kukula kwapakati pa mbole.

• Ubwino:Yofulumira komanso yosawononga.

• Zoyipa:Sizolondola kwenikweni kuposa malo otumphukira kapena porosimetry. Sipereka zambiri mwatsatanetsatane za kufalikira kwa kukula kwa ma pore kapena malo pamwamba, mosiyana ndi njira zothira mpweya.

• Nkhani Yogwiritsira Ntchito:Kuwongolera khalidwe la fakitale kapena kuyang'ana komwe kukubwera.

Njira Yoyendera (Madzi kapena Mpweya)

• Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito:Imadutsa madzi kapena mpweya kudzera mu fyuluta mopanikizika nthawi zonse kuti ione ngati ili bwinomagwiridwe antchitomotsutsana ndi zofunikira.

• Ubwino:Zosavuta komanso zothandizaQC yokhazikika.

• Zoyipa:Sizingazindikire kufalikira kwa kukula kwa ma pore kapena kukula kwakukulu kwa ma pore, ndipo sizingazindikire kupezeka kwama pores ang'onoang'onozomwe zingakhudze momwe kusefera kumagwirira ntchito komanso momwe kayendedwe ka madzi kamayendera.

Kujambula kwa Microscopic (SEM)

• Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito:Amagwiritsa ntchitomicroscope ya electron scanning (SEM)kujambula zithunzi zapamwamba kwambiri za kapangidwe ka ma pore.

• Ubwino:Zabwino kwambirikafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha zinthu.

• Zoyipa:Imatenga nthawi yambiri, siigwira ntchito pa QC ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale SEM imapereka chidziwitso chowoneka, sipereka deta yochuluka pa kuchuluka kwa ma pore kapena malo a pamwamba, omwe angapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera ma vacuum.

3.2 Kuyang'ana Pasadakhale Musanayambe Kuyitanitsa

Musanayitanitse, yankhani izimafunso asanu ofunikirakuti muchepetse kukula koyenera kwa ma pore ndi mtundu wa fyuluta:

1. Kodi mukusefa madzi kapena mpweya wanji?(monga nayitrogeni woyera kwambiri, madzi osabala, mowa wapamwamba kwambiri)

2. Kodi ndi tinthu ting'ono ... tomwe muyenera kugwira?(monga mabakiteriya a 0.1 µm, yisiti ya 10 µm)

3. Kodi kufunikira kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi poyerekeza ndi kutsika kovomerezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi?(Kuyenda kwambiri kungafunike ma pores akuluakulu pang'ono.)

4. Kutentha kogwirira ntchito ndi kuyanjana kwa mankhwala?(Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri poyerekeza ndi Hastelloy kapena alloys ena.)

5. Zofunikira pakuyeretsa ndi kukonza?(Kutsuka m'mbuyo, makina a CIP, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha.)

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza kutsogolerazosefera zamafakitaleopanga ndi mayankho, fufuzani malangizo athu atsatanetsatane.

Pambuyo pa izi, yang'anani miyezo yamakampani ndi zosowa za malamulo, ndikuganizirakuchuluka pang'onoza kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa ma pore mkati mwa fyuluta kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino.

Tchati cha Mayendedwe: Momwe Mungasankhire Kukula Koyenera kwa Ma Pore

Chosavutakayendetsedwe ka zisankhozingathandize:

• Yambani ndikukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono→ gwirizanani ndi kukula kwa pores komwe kuli pafupi kwambiri.

• Taganiziranikuchuluka kwa madzindikuthamanga kwa dongosolo→ sinthani ngati pali zoletsa zambiri.

• Chekemiyezo yamakampani ndi zosowa za malamulo→ kusankha koyenera.

• Tsimikizirani kudzeramalipoti oyesa ogulitsa kapena kuwunika kwa chitsanzo; ganiziranikuyeza porositymonga gawo la ndondomeko yowunikira.

3.3 Kuthetsa Mavuto a Zizindikiro za Kukula Kolakwika kwa Mabowo

Ngati zosefera zomwe muli nazo panopa zikulephera kugwira ntchito, nayi njira yodziwira vutoli:

Mndandanda Wofufuza Mwachangu:

• Yang'anani zosefera zakumtunda kapena njira zochizira musanagwiritse ntchito.

• Tsimikizani kuti kukula kwa pores kukugwirizanazofunikira zenizeni za pulogalamu.

• Unikani momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito poyerekeza ndi momwe fyuluta imagwirira ntchito.

• Unikaninso kugawa kwa kukula kwa ma pore kuti mudziwe zomwe zingayambitse kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa kusefa.

3.4 Tebulo Loyerekeza la Kukula kwa Ma Pore - Mapulogalamu Ogwiritsira Ntchito Makampani

Gwiritsani ntchito tebulo ili kutiyerekezerani zosowa zanu za pulogalamu yanuGome ili likuwonetsa kukula kwa ma pore kuyambira ma micron ang'onoang'ono mpaka ma micron makumi ambiri, kutengera zomwe makampani akufuna, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunika kosankha kukula koyenera kwa ma pore kuti agwire bwino ntchito.

3.5 Mndandanda Wotsimikizira Wogulitsa

Ngakhale ma specifications abwino kwambiri satanthauza kanthu popandaogulitsa odalirikaUmu ndi momwe mungatsimikizire kuti zomwe wopanga amanena pa kukula kwa pores ndi zolondola:

• ✅Funsani malipoti oyesera kukula kwa mboleanachita motsatiraASTM F316 or ISO 4003.

• ✅Pemphani zitsanzo za zoseferandipo chitani kafukufuku wanu musanayike oda yochuluka.

• ✅Yang'anani maphunziro a milandukapena zitsanzo za ntchito mumakampani anu

• — zinthu zimenezi zingapereke chidziwitso chofunikira pa momwe zinthu zilili zenizeni za kukula kwa ma pore osiyanasiyana.

• ✅Tsimikizani ziphasomongaISO 9001, Kutsatira malamulo a FDA, kapena miyezo ina yoyenera ya chigawo.

• ✅Unikani nthawi yoyankhira ndi chithandizo chaukadaulo— wogulitsa wodalirika amapereka upangiri wopitilira, osati mtengo wogulitsira wokha.

4. Tsimikizirani ndikupeza Kukula Kwabwino Kwambiri kwa Pore ya Sefa

Tsopano popeza mwamvetsakufunika kwa kukula kwa mbolendi momwe mungachidziwire, sitepe yotsatira ndi iyi

kuyesa, kutsimikizira, ndi kusankha fyuluta yoyenerapa ntchito yanu yeniyeni.

Timapanga njira iyizosavuta komanso zopanda chiopsezondi zida, malangizo a akatswiri, ndi njira zodalirika zoyesera.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Q1. Kodi kuchuluka kwa ma pore a wopanga ndi kolondola bwanji?

Si ogulitsa onse omwe amatsatira njira zoyesera zokhazikika.
Ku HENGKO, timagwiritsa ntchitoKuyesa kwa ASTM F316 bubble pointndiKusanthula kwa kukula kwa ma pore a ISO 4003kuonetsetsazotsatira zolondola komanso zotsimikizika.

Q2. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa njira zolowera mu bubble point ndi mercury?

• Mayeso a Bubble Point:Kuzindikirakukula kwakukulu kwa pores— yabwino kwambiri poyang'anira khalidwe ndi kutsimikizira kupanga.

• Kuchuluka kwa Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry:Amaperekakugawa kwathunthu kwa kukula kwa pores— amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko kapena ntchito zolekerera zovuta.

Q3. Kodi mafyuluta ayenera kuyesedwa kangati kuti awone kukula kwa ma pore?

• Musanagule koyamba:Nthawi zonse tsimikizirani ndi lipoti loyesa kapena labu ya chipani chachitatu.

• Pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito:Kuyesa kwa pachaka kapena pambuyo pa kusintha kwakukulu kwa dongosolo kumatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.

Q4. Kodi kukula kwa ma pore kungasinthidwe kuti kugwirizane ndi ntchito yanga yapadera?

Inde! Ukadaulo wathu wopaka utoto umalolakusintha kolondolakukula kwa ma pore, geometries, ndi zipangizo zoti zigwirizane nazozofunikira zenizeni za njira.

F5. Kodi pali njira yoyezera kukula kwa mbole pamalopo popanda zida zoyesera labu?

Inde,njira ya bubble pointZingachitike pamalopo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zonyamulika kuti zitsimikizire kukula kwa ma pore mwachangu.

Q6. Kodi kuyeretsa kumakhudza bwanji kukula kwa machubu?

Kuyeretsa koyenera (monga kuyeretsa kwa CIP kapena ultrasound)sichisintha kukula kwa ma porekoma mankhwala amphamvu kapena kuyeretsa mwamphamvu kwamakina kungathekuwononga kapangidwe ka fyuluta.
Tsatirani malangizo a opanga nthawi zonse kuti musunge magwiridwe antchito a fyuluta.

Pewani kuipitsa zinthu mokwera mtengo komanso nthawi yopuma.

Pezani mayeso olondola a kukula kwa mbole ndi upangiri wa akatswiri lero.

Mukufuna kudziwa njira zatsopano zothetsera ubwino wa madzi?

Dziwani zambiri mu nkhani yathuBuku Lonse Lonena za Kodi Madzi a Hydrogen Ndi Chiyani?.

Imelo: ka@hengko.com

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